Pregabalin misusers achieve euphoric effects by taking large quantities, ranging from 200mg to 5g as a single dose (maximum licensed dose is 600mg daily in two or three divided doses); its pharmacokinetics make it relatively more dangerous than gabapentin in high doses12. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).
Materials and methods
HPLC-grade acetonitrile, formic acid, and ammonium formate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany), while potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate and sodium hydroxide were sourced from Fisher Scientific (United Kingdom). Purified water was prepared using a Duo™ water purification system from Avidity Science™ (United States). Pregabalin is a painkiller which is used to treat various conditions, including nerve pain, seizures, and anxiety disorders.
- To that end, some regulatory warnings and mortality data have further confirmed its abuse potential (Mathieson et al., 2020; Elliott et al., 2017).
- Additionally, three samples (20C, 29C, and 35C) were found to be below the lower limit (95%).
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- Environmental analysis of urban sewage samples for determination of PGL was also reported using LC-MS/MS (Gurke et al., 2015).
- The precision was determined as the relative standard deviation (RSD%) of replicate measurements at various concentrations, calculated using Equation 2.
Figures
However, a recent study suggested there was widespread off-label prescribing of pregabalin for non-neuropathic pain — most commonly musculoskeletal conditions, such as low back pain — between 1997 and 2019 (see Figure 3)2. Thus, through utilizing MRM-LC-MS/MS and targeted analyte transitions, seized drug samples were successfully profiled, impurities were detected, and adulteration trends were uncovered – providing valuable data on the illegal market and risks to public health. The LOD and LOQ values based on residual SD of the regression line were 0.23 and 0.69 mg/mL, respectively.
All samples were handled under proper chain-of-custody protocols and stored at room temperature in a dark place to preserve sample integrity for analytical testing. Moreover, the prevalence of non-medical use of PGL is expected due to its affordable price (Buttram and Kurtz, 2020). During the year 2018, in England, more than 14 million PGL prescriptions were issued. In April 2019, the United Kingdom reported significant gabapentinoid-related deaths due to misuse, highlighting their pregabalin in usa abuse potential (Mathieson et al., 2020). In this context, it is worth mentioning the definition of the term abuse, which is defined as “the substance that is used for nontherapeutic purposes to obtain psychotropic (e.g., euphoric, sedative, or anxiolytic) effects” (Smith et al., 2013).